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十八羅漢人物銅雕塑 玻璃鋼仿銅寺院供奉羅漢擺件定做十(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)羅(luo)(luo)漢(han)是指佛教傳說 [1] 中(zhong)十(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)位永住世間、護持正(zheng)法的(de)阿羅(luo)(luo)漢(han) [2] ,由十(shi)六(liu)羅(luo)(luo)漢(han)加二尊(zun)者(zhe)而(er)來。他們(men)都是歷史人(ren)物,均為釋迦牟(mou)尼的(de)弟(di)子。十(shi)六(liu)羅(luo)(luo)漢(han)主要流行于唐代,至唐末,開始出現十(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)羅(luo)(luo)漢(han);到宋(song)代時,則盛行十(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)羅(luo)(luo)漢(han)了。十(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)羅(luo)(luo)漢(han)的(de)出現,可(ke)能與中(zhong)國(guo)文化(hua) [3] 中(zhong)對(dui)十(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)的(de)傳統偏好(hao)有關。 羅(luo)漢又(you)稱阿羅(luo)漢,指(zhi)能斷除一切(qie)煩(fan)惱,達到涅槃境界,不(bu)再受生死輪回之苦,修行圓(yuan)滿(man)又(you)具有引導眾生向善的(de)德行,堪受人天供養的(de)圣者。 [4] “十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)”是一(yi)個吉(ji)數,中國(guo)文化(hua)中的許(xu)多數量(liang)表(biao)達都(dou)用“十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)”,如(ru)“十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)世”、“十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)侯”、“十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)般武藝”、“十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)學士”等。佛教中也(ye)有(you)(you)許(xu)多“十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)”,如(ru)“《十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)部論》”、“十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)界”、“十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)變(bian)”、“十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)層地獄(yu)”等,“十(shi)(shi)(shi)六羅漢”變(bian)為“十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)羅漢”顯然與這種“十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)”情(qing)結(jie)有(you)(you)關。在(zai)歷史上嵩山少林(lin)(lin)(lin)寺也(ye)出(chu)現過少林(lin)(lin)(lin)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)羅漢 [5] 。功夫羅漢潘國(guo)靜是現代少林(lin)(lin)(lin)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)羅漢之一(yi) 十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)羅(luo)(luo)漢(han)(han),系自(zi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六羅(luo)(luo)漢(han)(han)演變而(er)來。目前所(suo)(suo)知(zhi)最早的(de)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)羅(luo)(luo)漢(han)(han)像,為(wei)(wei)五代(dai)(dai)(dai)·張玄及貫休所(suo)(suo)繪。其(qi)后,宋(song)·蘇東坡分別為(wei)(wei)此二畫題十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)首贊(zan),并(bing)于貫休所(suo)(suo)作標出(chu)羅(luo)(luo)漢(han)(han)名稱(cheng)。此外,杭州飛(fei)來峰金光(guang)洞中,刻在石床上(shang)的(de)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)羅(luo)(luo)漢(han)(han)像,也(ye)是宋(song)代(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)作品。元(yuan)代(dai)(dai)(dai)以(yi)后,各寺院的(de)大(da)殿中多供(gong)有(you)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)羅(luo)(luo)漢(han)(han),且在佛教界,羅(luo)(luo)漢(han)(han)像的(de)繪畫與雕塑,也(ye)多以(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)羅(luo)(luo)漢(han)(han)為(wei)(wei)主。自(zi)此,十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六羅(luo)(luo)漢(han)(han)乃(nai)逐漸沉寂,十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)羅(luo)(luo)漢(han)(han)代(dai)(dai)(dai)之而(er)起。日本鐮倉光(guang)明(ming)寺也(ye)有(you)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)羅(luo)(luo)漢(han)(han)像,據考證系南宋(song)至元(yuan)代(dai)(dai)(dai)期間(jian)之作 |